Primary sources

About this citation list

The table below indexes the primary literature used across this site. Peer-reviewed publications are listed with DOI and direct journal links. Phase 3 TRIUMPH topline data (TRIUMPH-1 and TRIUMPH-4) have been announced by the sponsor and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov but have not all been peer-reviewed at the time of writing; their final published figures may differ from press-release toplines.

Links resolve to PubMed, PMC, the publishing journal, or ClinicalTrials.gov. When the datatables enhancement is enabled, the table can be sorted by year and filtered by indication. The numbered list mirrors the in-text citations used across /index, /research, /dosage, /faq, and /about.

Peer-reviewed primary literature

^[1] Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2301972.

^[5] Rosenstock J, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA. The Lancet. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01053-X.

^[6] Urva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, et al. LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trial. The Lancet. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02033-5.

^[7] Sanyal AJ, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial. Nature Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03018-2.

^[8] Li W, Zhou Q, Cong Z, et al. Structural insights into the triple agonism at GLP-1R, GIPR and GCGR manifested by retatrutide. Cell Discovery. 2024. DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00700-0.

^[9] Coskun T, Wu Q, Schloot NC, et al. Effects of retatrutide on body composition in people with type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a phase 2, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(25)00092-0.

^[16] Katsi V, Koutsopoulos G, Fragoulis C, Dimitriadis K, Tsioufis K. Retatrutide — A Game Changer in Obesity Pharmacotherapy. Biomolecules. 2025. DOI: 10.3390/biom15060796.

Phase 2 secondary analyses

^[2] Jastreboff AM, et al. Phase 2 obesity trial 24-week dose-response data, as reported in the primary NEJM 2023 publication and accompanying supplementary appendix. Same source as ^[1].

^[3] Jastreboff AM, et al. Phase 2 obesity trial gastrointestinal adverse event and discontinuation analysis, as reported in NEJM 2023. Same source as ^[1].

^[4] Jastreboff AM, et al. Phase 2 obesity trial heart-rate and cardiac adverse-event substudy data, as reported in NEJM 2023. Same source as ^[1].

^[14] Jastreboff AM, et al. Phase 2 obesity trial cardiometabolic biomarker substudy (blood pressure, lipids, apoB), as reported in NEJM 2023. Same source as ^[1].

Phase 3 TRIUMPH program

^[10] TRIUMPH-1 Phase 3 topline. A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) in Participants Who Have Obesity or Are Overweight (NCT05929066). ClinicalTrials.gov registry record and sponsor topline announcement, 2026: clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05929066. Peer-reviewed publication pending.

^[11] TRIUMPH-1 104-week extension topline (2026). Prespecified extension for participants with baseline BMI ≥35. Reported via sponsor and indexed on the same ClinicalTrials.gov record: NCT05929066.

^[12] TRIUMPH-4 Phase 3 topline (Dec 2025). A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) in Adult Participants With Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis (NCT05931367). HCPLive industry-press coverage of sponsor announcement: healio.com/news/endocrinology/20251211. Peer-reviewed publication pending.

^[13] TRIUMPH-4 safety detail. Dysesthesia, AE-driven discontinuation, blood-pressure reduction, as reported in coverage of the TRIUMPH-4 topline announcement: healio.com/news/endocrinology/20251211.

^[15] TRIUMPH-3 cardiovascular outcomes trial registration. A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) in Participants With Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease (NCT05882045). ClinicalTrials.gov: clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05882045. Status: active; results not yet reported.

Programmatic and population-gap references

^[17] Katsi V, et al. (review of evidence gaps). Retatrutide — A Game Changer in Obesity Pharmacotherapy — sections on pregnancy, lactation, and pediatric data gaps; on long-term safety beyond 2 years; and on the >5,800-participant TRIUMPH master program design. Biomolecules. 2025. DOI: 10.3390/biom15060796. Same source as ^[16], cited separately for the population-gap and program-scale claims.

Notes on sourcing

Where a publication is peer-reviewed (NEJM, Lancet, Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, Nature Medicine, Cell Discovery, Biomolecules) the primary citation is the published article. Where data are sponsor-released ahead of peer review (TRIUMPH-1, TRIUMPH-4 toplines) we cite both the ClinicalTrials.gov registration and the industry-press coverage of the announcement; the published peer-reviewed papers will supersede these once available.

This is an independent editorial digest of the publicly available research literature — not a clinic, not a vendor, not affiliated with any pharmaceutical sponsor or trial site.